Cultural and Heritage with Malaysian Cuisine

CULTURAL AND HERITAGE WITH MALAYSIAN CUISINE â€Å"Malaysia†, land of diverse society, unique with its multi cultural population is renowned among international travellers for uniqueness of different races that can live together harmoniously. Famous for its world wonder destinations, be it island, rainforest, or cultural spots, Malaysia has a lot to offer for tourist seeking adventure, leisure and entertainment. One of the major elements of Malaysian tourism is the vast choices of delicacies which comprise the ethnic food from three major races in Malaysia which is Malay, Chinese and Indian.However, there are also other minor ethnic groups such as Peranakan and ethnic group from Sarawak and Sabah which blends in the food culture of Malaysia. This embodies the concept of One Malaysia which unifies all races as Malaysians. Over the past few years, the ethnic cuisines were integrated among the races, creating a new food infusion which is called the â€Å"Malaysian Cuisine† . Food such as Nasi Lemak no longer associated with Malays, whereas Roti Canai and Char Kuey Teow are no longer related to the Indian and Chinese.Integration of food culture had constituted to evolution of new Malaysian image in terms of signature cuisine that it can offer. Today, Malaysian Cuisine had colours the new era of food wonders in the country creating a wondrous ownership of every ethnic cuisine to all races within Malaysia. Now, tourist from all over the world can enjoy and devour Malaysian Cuisines which comprises variety of food selection such as Laksa, Satay, Wantan Noodles and so forth. Upon returning to their homeland, tourist can bring their unique experiences and pass the word to others.This will benefit the country as indirectly foreigners will start recognizing the Malaysian Cuisines and later might have the intention to try it hence, contributing to increase in Malaysian tourism. Although in the global world of modernization, Malaysian Cuisines remained as one o f the cultural and heritage elements of Malaysia. Foods for long had always been the indicator of one ethnic culture and heritage. If we glance on each race in Malaysia we can see how food can instantly describe an individual characteristic.For instance, if we say â€Å"Tosai†, we will know that it’s an Indian food. Indians wear Sarees and Kurta, they celebrate Deepavali and Thaipusam, their religion is Hinduism and Bharatanatyam is their traditional dance. This is how food cannot be separated and always be associated to one special ethnic. Same goes to Malaysian Cuisine, when a foreigner convey â€Å"Malaysian Cuisine†, they will directly distinguish Malaysia as, located in South East Asia, having multi racial community, rich with unique culture, very warm and friendly people as well as hot and spicy foods.This is how food can directly interpret and describe an individual or a nation, therefore distinguishing it from others. Technological advancement and modern ization of lifestyles are inevitable as a country begin to develop and moving towards era of globalization. This phenomenon brings enormous impact towards the culture and heritage of Malaysian Cuisine. Preparations of foods are largely effected with the introduction of latest machineries and equipments that modernize the way of cooking. Kuih Bahulu for example is used to be prepared manually by beating eggs in large bowls until it is fluffy and have the right consistency.However, by using specific machine, preparation time is cut in half thus, saving largely on time and energy. Modernization of food preparation, often being questioned in terms of its quality and heritage. Will this new way of food preparation maintain the taste and the quality of the dishes? Can the traditional ways of food preparation being preserve for the next generation to come? These questions always linger around the elderly, as some of them might be reluctant to accept modernization of food preparations. For them, traditional ways of preparation need to be preserved as it is part of our heritage.Beside of the many benefits seen, globalization on the other hand also invited contenders and modification to our Malaysian Cuisine. Years ago, since the early incoming of foreigners to Tanah Melayu, the ethnic food was able to maintain and preserve the originality in elements of ingredient used, preparation and taste of food. Now with globalization, abundance of Western ingredients flooded the food market giving new options for cooking style and selection of foods to be tried on. Moreover, foreign ingredients have been integrated in our Malaysian Cuisine causing it to gradually change over time.With the new generation living a fast paced life and being more health conscious, Malaysian Cuisine needs to be diversified according to current needs. The challenges are to maintain the originality of food but at the same time able to adapt to the new changing environment such as usage of new ingredient s by considering diet and health and ways of food preparation that is time savvy. It is recommended that Malaysian Cuisine is given an extra consideration and thoughtfulness. As part of our culture and heritage, the governing bodies can promote this by introducing food tourism internationally in order to encourage tourist visitation.Other players in the industry can play their parts in introducing food tourism via tour packages, internet, and local and international events as well as advertisement. This cooperation which have multiplier effects need to be continuous and firm so that all stakeholders in the country can benefit largely from it. Preservation of Malaysian Cuisine as one of the elements in our cultural and heritage terrain is exceptionally significant in order for the coming generation to continue savours our food culture.Furthermore, as food is one of the cultural elements of a nation, tourist yearns for exploration on distinctive delicacy that they never tried before, consequently creating importance in ensuring continuous tourism development of the country. Undoubtedly, food cannot be separated from being culturally related and a heritage to be retained among a country. For Malaysian Cuisine, as pride of the nation we must be proud to possess such an exquisite food culture and heritage, and be blessed with the tranquillity and unity that our food culture entails.

The Importance of French Education for Engineers

French education for engineers is significantly different from that of the United States. This fact will be the topic of this paper as well as the sequencing of French education. There are four schools in France that provide for the bulk of the engineering education after high school. These are called National Instituts For Applied Sciences or INSA. These institutions are very comprehensive and high level. The National Instituts For Applied Sciences or INSA take students who have completed their secondary school studies and select them on the basis of their examination results and their academic records. The recruitment is highly selective. In 1991, 11,000 candidates with a science baccalaureat applied for about 1,200 places.[1] It is therefore obvious, that the INSAs attract students with a high level of scientific education in mathematics, physics and chemistry. The studies begin with a two-year basic study program in the Premier Cycle, which is comprised of general science courses in mathematics, physics, chemistry, mechanics and computer science. These courses are also complimented with courses in the Liberal Arts. The students who pass the first and second year exams are admitted to the Engineering Departments where they continue their studies for three additional years. This enables the students to specialize in nearly all the different engineering sciences: computer studies, mechanics, physics, chemistry and biochemistry. One original aspect of the INSAs is that, the number of students in a department can vary depending on the state of employment prospects. All the INSAs train their students according to the same principles and curricula as the other four institutions. The First cycle is a two-year program of common core classes that welcomes secondary school graduates. Its goal is to prepare students for entry into one of the Institute's specialized departments. The initial qualifications of those who apply for admission to INSA guarantee the high quality of the students: 80% of them graduate in 5 years and 5% in 6 years. [1] Engineering studies start concurrently with the first year of their training. After a two-year preparatory phase, the first cycle begins putting an ambitious regiment into place. The goal of this regiment is, first of all, to give students the common scientific, technical, and liberal arts training necessary for all departments. In order to achieve this goal, course work is divided into modules that are independent of each other. The second goal of the regiment is to encourage students to make the transition from high school student to a responsible higher level student with clearly defined professional goals. As a result of the quality of these different goals, the first cycle plays an important role in both engineering sciences as well as the liberal arts through both years. EURINSA is another two-year European first cycle in engineering studies that has, since 1991, been training European students (including French students) to be part of an international team. The scientific training, conducted in French but adapted to engineering students from different backgrounds (language abilities), allows the students to enroll in any one of the four INSAs in France or even in one of their European counter parts. The program is open to approximately 100 students (at each institution) of whom 1/3 are French, 1/3 are from other European countries, and 1/3 from Central and Eastern Europe.[3] The INSAs produce highly qualified engineers. There are some main differences between studying at an INSA and in the universities of the other European countries. One difference is that French students specialize only at the end of the first two years (the â€Å"Premier Cycle†). This form of training provides them with a vast scientific background, which guarantees a good overall training in the engineering sciences. This method also allows them to change their area of concentration, if necessary during the course of their career. As the INSAs and the â€Å"Grandes Ecoles† are highly selective, very few students drop out during the Premier Cycle whereas, in the traditional university system, there is a high dropout rate or at least a decision to change their course of study. Unlike the University system, the students at an INSA have many general courses. Although all European countries announce a training scheme which lasts approximately 5 years, the fact that attendance is not 100% and that students are permitted to repeat years, means that becoming a qualified engineer could take two or three years longer.[3] Engineering training fields and engineer status differ widely among countries. In other European Countries as well as the United States for example, the seemingly simple problem of correspondence among degrees, not to mention equivalence, is far from being solved, and the notion of harmonizing the numerous systems does not seem realistic. Educational system's specification's are deeply rooted in the country's culture, industry and economy. Large discrepancies appear in Europe between: kinds of high-school studies and their length before college entrance, means of student recruitment, length of training (in terms of number of years of study), degree awarding, academic recognition, professional recognition, etc. In many countries, two engineer profiles coexist: a design engineer with a broad background training, and a production and application engineer. For each profile, there are nevertheless important national particulars. With such diversity, one may understand why a foreign candidate admission in a French engineering college does not assume automatic level equivalence rules. Instead results from various factors: number of study years, major and minor fields of studies, major projects, etc. Therefore, there is only one European general objective in this area, dealing with recognizing degrees obtained after at least three higher education years. These are valued for entrance in professions having regulated access. Because of this definite lack of equivalence standards, Europeans have decided to develop student and professional mobility by recognizing and validating studies engaged in at colleges in other countries . This process has strongly developed in some cases, through the development of programs leading to double degrees, or through the E.C.T.S. project (European Credit Transfer System), based on academic credits which are transferable within higher education institutions of the European Union.[3] Institutions wishing to participate in E.C.T.S., particularly those following non-university framework, must make great efforts to adapt. They have to reorganize their training programs or curriculum with credit hours and they have to use a universal grading scale. The University of Technology of Compiegne (UTC) was the first French engineering school to engage in ECTS in the field of mechanical engineering. Other schools, like INSA of Lyon have more recently done the same. Apart from this very structured system, recognition of study periods among institutions from several countries appears more and more to be an essential component of an international open policy. Partnership agreements exist also with American universities, for instance between the Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine and Kansas State University and University of Wisconsin at Madison. Developing this practice and expanding the student exchanges depends on firm relationships between foreign schools. A new attitude has developed, where one takes notice of differences between systems, without making value judgements. Thus, these new relations are creating more awareness of the equivalence problem and providing better methods for rectification. The École Polytechnique constitutes the â€Å"graduate schools.† It takes 2 to 3 years of study and, in 1993, there were 46,000 students enrolled in the second cycle.[3] Each year, the École Polytechnique admits slightly more than 400 students into the Second Cycle, via traditional competitive examinations.[4] These students are of both sexes, may be either French or foreign, and are approximately 21 years old. The instructional program for the Second Cycle consists of two years of advanced courses in the fundamental sciences. The program is evenly divided between a core curriculum, and an elective curriculum that includes individual research projects. All students follow the core curriculum, which includes courses in pure and applied mathematics, computer science, mechanics, physics, chemistry, biology and economics. The core curriculum also includes courses in the humanities and social sciences, as well as in several modern languages. Upon successful completion of these two years, students are awarded the diploma of Ingenieur de l'École Polytechnique. Relatively few of them begin their careers upon graduation. The vast majority of graduates choose to follow their studies with specialized training in engineering or business administration, or with the preparation of a doctoral degree. The French nationals, in view of the obligations of their status as polytechniciens, may choose to pursue technical training in France, at one of its engineering schools (such as the École des Mines, the École des Ponts et Chaussees, or the École des Telecommunications) They complete their last two years of education, and receive the corresponding Diplome d'Ingenieur. Since 1996, French nationals have undertaken such training at foreign institutions, in Europe, America or Asia: they have a choice among 100 different instructional programs, at 29 foreign institutions, leading to an Engineering degree or a Masters of Applied Science or Engineering, depending on the institution selected.[3] These programs generally require between two and two and a half years. Special arrangements with the École facilitate admission to some of these institutions. After research training in France or at a foreign university, engineering school, or public or private research center, approximately four years, they obtain a doctoral degree, a Ph.D. or a similar degree in a basic or applied science. For business studies abroad, after several years of practical experience, they earn an MBA degree at one of seven institutions. Foreign students may undertake specialized training or prepare dissertations at institutions of their choice, including, of course, their home institutions. The past shows, however, that they tend to favor the programs offered to their French classmates. In any case, the École attempts to arrange that the two years of study at Palaiseau be properly validated in the programs of the students' home universities. Foreign students are entitled to the same agreements as those offered to French nationals. The École Polytechnique's Second Cycle in the fundamental sciences together with a specialization acquired at another first class institution, represents a training that is proving to be in particular demand in today's economic market place. Indeed, each year large corporations come forward with expressions of their needs and suggestions as to where they believe the necessary applied training may best be obtained.

The Effects of Music Technology Curriculum on Young Children's Research Paper

The Effects of Music Technology Curriculum on Young Children's Learning in Early Childhood Education - Research Paper Example When one thinks of early childhood education, they typically navigate towards the consideration of reading, writing, and arithmetic. While these core academic areas are certainly the pillars of educational necessity for children, one needs to also consider the fine arts as another area that contributes greatly to the cognitive development of an individual. One such outlet for creative expression is music. Music class has long been a part of the curriculum in early childhood education, but recent research has indicated that there are numerous benefits in terms of development that had not previously been considered. In addition, technology has enhanced the way that music can be integrated into other disciplines, making this particular area even more worthy of study. Simply put, music technology curriculum is composed of different types of technology that is directly related to the musical arts. This usually entails the use of various electronic devices, combined with computer software, that allows the playback, recording, composition, storage, analysis and performance of any given piece. While this particular curriculum can be implemented at any grade level, all the way through the university, our primary focus in this study will be on early childhood education. In particular, this paper will examine the effects that music technology curriculum has on the learning development of young children. While technology today is rapidly changing, the concept of music technology has been around since the 1980’s.... in early childhood education, but recent research has indicated that there are numerous benefits in terms of development that had not previously been considered. In addition, technology has enhanced the way that music can be integrated into other disciplines, making this particular area even more worth of study. Simply put, music technology curriculum is composed of different types of technology that is directly related to the musical arts. This usually entails the use of various electronic devices, combined with computer software, that allows the playback, recording, composition, storage, analysis and performance of any given piece (Branscome, 2012, p. 113). While this particular curriculum can be implemented at any grade level, all the way through the university, our primary focus in this study will be on early childhood education. In particular, this paper will examine the effects that music technology curriculum has on the learning development of young children. Literature Review and Propositions Development While technology today is rapidly changing, the concept of music technology has been around since the 1980’s. The concept can be interconnected across disciplines because of its focus on artistic and technological creativity in many realms (Andang’o and Mugo, 2007, p. 44). Young children can be taught to use music to express themselves through the arts, and technology has expanded in recent decades to create new devices to enable them to do just that. In essence, music technology can be said to encompass the scientific aspect of music that many individuals never consider. These components, when properly implemented in a music technology curriculum, can have an enormous and positive effect on young children (Hoffman, 1991, p. 23) Importance, Value, and

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process Term Paper

Complete the Statistical Process Control for the Process - Term Paper Example Leading tools in Statistical process control are control charts, which is based on constant perfection and premeditated testing. Control charts, also recognized as process-behavior charts. In statistical process control, control charts are key practice utilized to establish whether or not a production or commercial process is in a condition of statistical control. The control chart can be envisioned as ingredient of a purpose and regimented approach that permits acceptable judgments concerning organization and management of the process, as well as whether or not to alter process control constraints. Process constraints should never be altered for a procedure that is in proper organization, as this will consequence in despoiled process routine. Being insightful of a process, the process is characteristically mapped out and the process is controlled using control charts. Control charts are utilized to recognize disparity that may be due to special causes, and to liberate the consumer f rom apprehension over disparity due to common causes. This is a nonstop, continuing process. When a procedure is steady and does not activate any of the detection rules for a control chart, a process competence analysis may also be carried out to forecast the capability of the present procedure to manufacture compliant products in the upcoming activities surrounded by specifications. A control chart comprises of points on behalf of a statistical mean, range, and proportion of dimensions of a quality feature in illustrations (samples) opted from the procedure at dissimilar points in time. The mean of this statistic process control utilizing the entire collections of the sample is enumerated; it incorporates the mean of the means, mean of the ranges, and mean of the proportions. A middle line is placed at the numerical value of the mean of the statistical process control chart. The standard error meaning the standard deviation/sqrt(n) for the mean of the statistic is in addition preme ditated by means of the entire collections of all the samples. Upper and lower control limits, at times termed as "natural process limits", designate the threshold at which the procedure output is measured statistically improbable are drawn characteristically at 3 standard errors starting from the center line. The chart can also be additionally equipped with possible features, like upper and lower warning limits, placed as detached lines, characteristically two standard errors on top of and underneath the center line, as well as separation into zones, with the accumulation of regulations leading frequencies of interpretations in every zone in addition to it can also encompass the explanation with procedures of interest, as explicated by the Quality Engineer in command of the process's quality. Control charts put 3-sigma or 3-standard error limits on the few foundations, these foundations include the common consequence of Chebyshev's inequality that the probability of an occurring bi gger than k standard deviations as of the mean is at mainly 1/k2 for any probability distribution. The better-quality product of the Vysochanskii-Petunin inequality that the probability of a event larger than k standard deviations as of the mean is of the value maximum 4/(9k2) for any uni-modal probability distribution. The empirical examination of various probability distr

Histology Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Histology - Case Study Example However, the epithelium does not contain any blood vessels. The native parenchyma has bloods in contrast to the invasive melanocytes tissue. The melanoma cells exhibits the features by rapid regeneration forming a pattern beneath the epithelium. The invasive tissue such as the carcinoma grow and break out of the bronchi structures and are not confined in the within the required acini structure of the lung, which possess a great danger as they can migrate to other human body parts or metastasize. The lung parenchyma is curbed within the bronchi structure and only grows and regenerates within the confined region of the bronchi. The characteristics of invasive tissue to grow out of the bronchi bock the airways hence are responsible for the tumor as they invade the adjoining tissue. Invasive tissue cause stellate arrangement of the cells in a spiral structure compared to the lung parenchyma tissue compactly arranged in rows. The case of the Caucasian woman in the case study requires more aspects in determining the cause of solitary lung metastasis after five years since the surgery of primary melanoma of the oesophagus Lung. Schueller and Herold spiral explains how the hamatogeneous spread is frequently found in tumors with venous drainage that is direct into the lung, which includes melanoma, testes, neck and head, adrenals, and osteosarcoma malignancies (126). The differential diagnosis of the lung metastases from this source indicates that patients initially known to have melanoma are frequently exposed solitary pulmonary nodule development later in life. Casciato affirms that the resection of a solitary Lung metastases in patients who fulfill the criteria of having history of Primary melanoma of the oesophagus (598). Keshamouni, Arenberg, and Kalemkerian emphasize on the question whether a tumor is primary or metastatic is of great significance for the

Cjus 340 DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cjus 340 DB4 - Essay Example I personally feel that the three strike laws are unjust as life sentences are assigned to criminals who have not really conducted a criminal offense that is very offensive in nature. For example in the state of California, people who have committed non serious crimes such as shop lifting and car jacking have even been sentenced under three strike laws (Samaha 376). Such acts by the state and the criminal justice system are unjust because these people do not really pose a threat to the society and assigning them a 25 to life sentence is unjust. Secondly, due to such laws, the population of the prisons is increasing which is negatively impacting the budgets of the criminal justice system which is already over burdened with the amount of prisoners in jails. The way the three strike law has been applied in the state of California is even quite unjust because California is assigning sentences not on the nature of the crime and is rather assigning sentences based on the number of

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 120

Essay Example He also helps the composers connect their creative and innovative ideas with the need of the audience for musical freshness and beauty. The various types of classical music are played free of charge with the major goal of building talents. The article made me reflect on and think about a number of things as far as talent development is concerned. Firstly, it gave me a picture of the university as a place that is not only meant for academic excellence but also a place to nurture talents in other fields. This is contrary to the misconception held by many that the university involves serious study with no play. It is quite interesting that the Music Today Festival is organized and coordinated by one of the university’s senior professors, Kyr Robert. It also made me reflect on the importance of music, especially for professional means. Considering that the professor heads the music department in the university, it seems that there are institutions that value music not only as a way of entertainment but also as a profession. I also came to understand that there are students studying music as a course, just for professional purpose. This made me remember one question that is very common, especially among journalists, when interviewing musicians; â€Å"apart from music, what else do you do?† many people have taken music not as a career but as a way of entertainment. The article is a good source to teach the society on the importance of music not only as a means of entertainment but also as a profession. In other words, the article mainly triggers thoughts about the importance of music in the society as well as the role of music as a way of relaxation to enable students study better. One thing that surprised me is that the festival is not only unique in the University of Oregon alone. Several other institutions place a high value on music and use it as a way of nurturing talents and enhancing

Terrorism Surveillance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism Surveillance - Essay Example However, there are concerns arising that are focused on the states intrusion into people’s privacy and have stirred up a major controversy. One can, hence, wonder just how far the government should go with their surveillance and are there any regulatory measures that can see to it that people’s privacy is upheld. The following essay will focus on the threats that the new surveillance technologies have posed to innocent individuals. Also, it will give insight on whether or not these technologies can be regulated, whether or not giving up some liberties for general safety is necessary and if the same measures should be applied locally and internationally. Lastly it will offer an analysis on the probability of the measurements being used by authoritarian regimes in the future. Electronic surveillance, when employed as a means for law enforcement, national security, domestic relations or industrial espionage has a potential of restricting and, in due course, negating the citizens right to be let alone. The history of the random uses to which the technology has been used on the domestic level, suggests that individuals such as the American citizens, are vastly susceptible to violations on rights to individual privacy. The United States’ first, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, fourteenth and the eighteenth amendments, to some lengths, forbids arbitrary as well as unlawful invasions to privacy. Shortly after the 9/11 terrorism act, the United States Congress passed some security measures that were well intended but in various ways violate the citizen’s privacy. For example, the PATRIOT Act exceedingly increased the federal governments power to collect and analyze personal information related to the United States’ citizens. While the su pporters of the motion indicate that the wider surveillance bodies are expected to disclose and eliminate terrorism plans, the opponents argue that the extended powers violate

Why and How are organizations out of Sync PT 2 Essay

Why and How are organizations out of Sync PT 2 - Essay Example The sole reason that resulted in one getting the given post can always lead us back to the type of manager on is. Basically, every person usually has a dream of being a boss one day and commanding other people to do their work. Once in managerial position, one can clearly see one that fits that position as having leadership qualities from the one who does not (Hickman, 2010). I believe that not all leaders are managers. It is possible to find someone who possesses leaders (Hickman, 2010)hip skills, but is not a manager. Leadership entails one who acts as a leader for others to follow. Leader commands respect and is held responsible for the other people’s affairs. Manager is people who are expected to have management skills in them. Though management and leadership go hand in hand, but in some cases may not. It is possible to have a manager who is not a leader and a leader who is not a manager (Hickman, 2010). In my personal experience while working in a certain private company, it happened that the manager in charge was a friend of the co-founder of the organization. Many workers in the company really disliked him as he always came up with rules to oppress the workers and make their lives in the company harder (Hickman, 2010). He always fired workers who annoyed him and knew that his actions were un-punishable. Looking at this example, this manager showed poor leadership skills (Hickman, 2010). He was unable to lead the people whom he was in charge and somehow abused his role as a manager for personal satisfaction. Leaders are people who place the desires of other people in front of themselves (Hickman, 2010). A true example of a leader is Mahatma Gandhi, who sacrificed his role as a prince to become a religious leader who had influence on the people. Leaders basically lead people towards a common goal, while managers are involved in organizing, controlling, planning

Explain the Impacts the Vietnam War Had on Soldiers Essay Example for Free

Explain the Impacts the Vietnam War Had on Soldiers Essay The Vietnam was a war like no other and the nature of the fighting in this war had great impacts on the soldiers. At this time, communism was seen as a great threat, especially by Western countries, and so extreme emphasis was placed on the domino theory that when one country falls to communism, others would follow and that forward defence would be the only solution to this issue. Also during this time, Vietnam was artificially split into the communist South, led by Ho Chi Min who defeated and drove out the French, and the government led South, which was in the power of Diem who was clearly corrupt and had little supporters so the spread of communism was quite likely. In response, American and Australian troops were sent to fight for the South and stop this spread of communism but there were many difficulties. Firstly, the soldiers faced very inhumane and difficult fighting conditions. War itself is gruesome but in Vietnam, the conditions were different and in some ways, it was worse. The terrain was difficult since it is made up of open rice paddies, dense jungles and steep ranges that were filled with small villages containing civilians who were had to avoid. Also, the guerilla warfare made it hard for soldiers to identify the enemy since attacks may come from anybody, including normal civilians such as young children or even the elderly. The issues involved weren’t straightforward and both sides were fighting to convince the people that they had their best interests at heart but the Americans and Australians were seen as invaders with a clumsy fighting style and were seen as supporting the corrupt regime of the South. All these conditions impacted the soldiers negatively because they were disadvantaged; they had to fight in conditions that seemed to be unjust and against what they have been taught, causing many of the soldiers to question their role and also feeling lost and confused with the nature of the fighting and also because their actions aren’t even supported by the people they we fighting for and the people at home due to a social revolution. This caused soldiers to feel cheated but also feel as if they let the people down. This impact on the soldiers is significant because it was through this that led to other long-term issues. Also from the fighting, soldiers were physically impacted. Like in any war, many soldiers would have their health impacted by a vast range of circumstances. Many had wounds of various degrees that were caused by numerous explosions from bombs, shelling and landmines as well as from gunshots or flying shrapnel that affected many parts of the body, handicapping soldiers. Also, the landmines used were very serious. If they did not cause death, the injuries caused by these were extremely severe and terrible, as soldiers would lose a leg or even both legs due to this. Soldiers were also exposed to a strong chemical known as Agent Orange, whose original use was to kill jungle growth so that the enemy could be revealed, but there were many serious long term effects as a result of this which included nervous conditions, many forms of cancer, and genetic deformations which led to malformations of children conceived after the war, and continued on into future generations. So as a result of the fighting in Vietnam, many soldiers were impacted physically. Furthermore, the soldiers experienced extreme psychological problems. Due to the brutal nature of the war, soldiers ended up and were forced to kill many seemingly innocent civilians. This is against what many of the soldiers valued and what they were taught; instead of killing the ferocious enemy armies like what their fathers experienced, young children, helpless mothers and the elderly became the victims, which seemed very wrong. This has led to various mixed emotions, comprising mainly of guilt; guilt for killing the innocent and guilt for letting the South Vietnamese down after promising them so much and leaving them deserted in the end. In addition, soldiers would have lost many of their friends in battle but also returned to a home that has been changed by a social revolution (hippie movement) that resented war so instead of returning as heroes for fighting for their country, the soldiers were only quietly brought back and were isolated. As a result of all this, the veterans faced many mental health problems such as depression, schizophrenia, nightmares that eventually led to high suicide rates and many other social problems. In conclusion, many of the soldiers who went and fought in the Vietnam war never really returned; they have been through and experienced so many horrors and physical, mental and social pain, that they never really blended in with their society at home anymore and never really regained what they had before the war again.

Advantages And Disadvantages Using Computer Networking Facility Computer Science Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Using Computer Networking Facility Computer Science Essay The advantages of using computer networking facility within the Smith Solicitor office They can use intranet facility for internal communication in the office They can share resources like printer so that they can use two printers for the whole office. Video Conference can be done which makes it easier for the employer to contact with the employee. And meetings can be done online. File and data sharing can be done which helps them share data between the computers. Folders can be password protected to limit access to unauthorized users. A single internet connection in server computer allows the entire client computer to share internet. The disadvantage of using computer networking facility within the Smith Solicitor office Skilled IT administrator should be hired for maintenance. Training should be given to the employer and employee to use the computer which in network. Proper network security should be given to the server computer. Network maintenance should be done time to time. Network Installation charges would be expensive. Networking Component like router, switch and cable would be expensive to buy.   All the computers in an office building might become completely useless if a single network component fails.   If a single computer is virus infected then the entire computer in network may soon get affected. Evaluate the various costs, performance, security and utility values associated with the installation of your network design for Smith Solicitor. (P2) The various cost, performance, security and utility values associated with the installation of the network design for Smith Solicitor Server Computer Brand Name: HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Rack Server The HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Server continues to deliver on its heritage of engineering excellence with increased flexibility and performance, enterprise-class uptime and HP Insight Control manageability, 2 sockets Intel ® Xeon ® performance, and 2U density for a variety of applications. Features Intel ® Xeon ® E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W) 6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMs Rack-mountable 3 years warranty Specifications Product Description HP Pro Liant DL380 G7 Processor Intel ® Xeon ® E5620 (4 core, 2.40 GHz, 12MB L3, 80W) Form Factor Rack-mountable 2U Cache Memory 12 MB L3 Chipset Intel ® 5520 Chipset Hard Drive None Networking (2) 1GbE NC382i Multifunction 2 Ports RAM 6GB PC3-10600R (DDR3-1333) Registered DIMMs Storage Controller (1) Smart Array P410i/256MB Graphics Controller ATI ES1000 Monitor HP *Windows server 2003 will be installed as an operating system in server computer as it is user friendly. It has different security features. (1) Client Computer HP Pavilion Elite HPE-490uk Designed for computing tasks in equal good measure, the HP  Pavilion Elite HPE-490uk  desktop PC is powered by the potent quad-core Intel ® Coreà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ i7-870 Processor. General Information Processor Intel ® Coreà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ i7-870 Processor 2.93 GHz (up to 3.6GHz with turbo Boost) 8 MB Smart Cache RAM 8GB installed RAM 4 DIMM slots maximum 16GB supported memory Hard Drive 1.5 TB SATA 3G Hard Disk Drive (5400 rpm) USB 10 x USB 2.0 ports Memory Card Reader 15-in-1 memory card reader Accessories Included Keyboard, mouse, power cord, documentation Windows XP will be installed in this client computer as its users friendly. It has got option like plug and play. Its got facilities like  fast user switching which affects applications that access hardware or that can only tolerate one instance of their application running on a machine at any one time. We can also create multiple users and protect the users putting the password. Networking and communication features are also very good in windows xp. So Windows xp would be the most suitable and appropriate as a client computer. (2) Connectivity Device The Network Interface card (NIC) The hub The switch The bridge  Ã‚   Transceivers Wireless access points The router  Ã‚   The gateway Cable (UTP cat 5) RJ45 Cost: The server computer and client computer are as required by The Smith Solicitor Office. Its very affordable and the components are very good. The total price of the entire computer would be about  £16 thousand. Security: The security features of windows 2003 are as listed below Authentication: Most basic level is requiring a user id and password to log on to some system. Access control: Access control is used to secure resources such as files, folders, and printers. Encryption: Confidential files can be encrypted using the Encrypting File System (EFS) for local files stored on NTFS volumes Security policies: Security policies control a range of security settings. The security features of windows XP are as listed below Firewall: Automatic updates: Remote Assistance / Remote Desktop Local Security Policy Justification: Overall selected hardware component are suitable for the selected Operating system and the software and hardware are at affordable price. Provide an overview of a network operating system (NOS) and illustrate how NOS works with in computer network. (P3) Network Operating System (NOS) helps the server computer to control Client computer and distribute the function to the entire client computer. Therefore it helps to manage the computers which are connected in the network. Features of Network Operating System It has a function to allow multiple users to access shared resource at same time. It provides file, print, web services, back-up services. NOS distributes the function to all the computer in network It helps to manage multiple user and support for logon and logoff, remote access; system management, administration tools Client systems contain specialized software that allows them to request shared resources that are controlled by server systems responding to a client request. NOS supports multiple user accounts at the same time and enables access to shared resources by multiple clients at same time. It has security features like authentication, authorization, logon restrictions and access control I suggest windows operating system for smith solicitor office because it is commonly used on computers and currently, the most widely used version of the Windows family is  WINDOWS XP for client computer and WINDOWS SERVER 2003  for servers. It has features listed below Security Windows provide frequently updated security features such as firewalls, pop-up blockers, antivirus and antispyware software and more. It has additional security and administrator tools for server. Networking These OS offer administration tools and security for computer networking. Ease of Use Windows OS are straightforward and user friendly. Technical Help/Support These OS performs numerous functions, above average support is needed. Generally, Microsoft offers more support to its customers online  and also self-guided support. Design a LAN for a Smith Solicitor or assess an existing network (if any) for fitness of purpose. (P4) [Learner needs to design a LAN on the paper for their LAN selection.] last.jpg Identify the various parts (software and hardware) of a network system for Smith Solicitor and relates it to the 7- layered model. (P5) The various parts of a network system for smith solicitor which is related with 7 layeres model are Physical Layer:  This layer explains the physical properties of the various communications media and coordinates the function required to transmit Example: It explains the size of Ethernet coaxial cable, layout of pins. The physical layer uses hubs and repeaters. Data Link Layer: This layer explains the logical organization of data bits transmitted on a particular medium. Example: this layer gives addressing and checks summing of Ethernet packets. Network Layer: This layer helps to describe the exchanges of packets between any two nodes in a network. Ex: It defines the addressing and routing structure of the Internet. Transport Layer: In transport layer it describes the class, quality and type of the data delivered. This layer makes sure if and how retransmissions will be used to ensure data delivery.   Session Layer:   In this layer the group of data sequences larger than the packets handled by lower layers. So it is handles synchronization process. Example: It shows the details of request and reply packets are paired in a remote procedure call.   Presentation Layer: This layer works to translate, encrypt and compress data. Ex: this layer describes how floating point numbers can be exchanged within hosts with different math formats Application Layer: This layer gives services to the user by allowing the access to network resources Ex: this layer would implement file system operations Differentiate between different kinds of network, network topologies and network operating systems. (P6) [Discuss different network topologies] The different kinds of network are A  local area network also knows as LAN  is a kind of network where the networked computers are in short distance only. Example a network within a building of school. LANs Usually owned, controlled, and managed by a single person or organization. They use Token ring or Ethernet technology Metropolitan area network also known as MAN is a network spanning a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. Example it is commonly owned by a single body like as a government body or large company. Wide area network also known as WAN is a geographically single collection of LANs. It generally covers wide area of computer networks. A router connects different LAN to WAN. For example- mostly WANs (like the Internet) arent owned by any organization or group but it works under the joint or distributive ownership and management. The different types of network topologies are: Star topology and tree topology All devices connect to a central device, called hub. All data transferred from one computer to another passes through hub Popular in LAN because its inexpensive and easy to install. Whereas tree topology is the extended form of star topology which is used in large networks .This kind of network significally reduces the traffic on wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host Ring topology In this kind of topology cables are formed in closed ring or a loop form where the devices are arranged along the ring. Data communication is d one in this topology by device to device around entire ring in one direction only but if we use dual ring then communication can be done by both direction Mainly this topology is used in LAN network but it is also used in WAN network. Mesh topology In this kind of topology all computer are connected to each other so that theres a fault tolerance in this kind of topology. It is expensive as well as difficult to create this type of topology. Here all the nodes are connected to each other and forms complete network. This kind of network topology is mostly use in financial sector. 3.1 Set up a software network environment, for some departments in a Smith Solicitor organization. (P7) [Configure Active directory] To configure an active directory for smith solicitor organization following process in taken. Click start and type dcpromo and enter. Then a dialogue box will appear. Then we need to press next. After that we will see a domain control type wizard where we need to select the domain controller for a new domain and select next option. Then we need to select the domain in new forest and press next as show in picture below. 4.png After that on the  New Domain Name  page, in the  Full DNS name for new domain  box, we need to give some domain name .For example we can give domain name like SmithSolicitiorFirm.com. After that we need to give name for NetBIOS domain name and click next where we get to seelect the location where we would like to store and save the database and log files. On the  Shared System Volume  page, accept the default in the  Folder location  box, and then click  next. On the  DNS Registration Diagnostics  page, click  Install and configure the DNS server on this computer and set this computer to use this DNS server as its preferred DNS Server, and then click  next as shown in the picture below. C:UsersjaikishanshresthaDesktop9.png On the  Permissions  page, click  Permissions compatible only with Windows  2000 or Windows Server  2003 operating systems, and then click  next. After that on the  Directory Services Restore Mode Administrator Password  page, we need to enter a password in the  Restore Mode Password  box and again retype the password to confirm it in the  Confirm password  box, and then click  next. Finally in last we just need to confirm that the given information are correct and click next  and When prompted to restart the computer, click  Restart now. This is the successful configuration of active directory for smith solicitors server computer. 3.2 Install a piece of network software on to a server to be used by different selected users in a created group on Smith Solicitor Network.(P8) [configure print server] We can configure a print server in smith solicitor network by the following process given below. Installation process: Firstly connect the printer to the computer .Then the printer will be detected automatically. After that we need to install driver which we normally get with printer. Else we can do it manually by the following process as shown below. Click on Start > Settings > Control Panel > Printer and Faxes. Then Click on the File Menu > Add printer > Next > Local Printer attached to this computer.  After that it Checks automatically detect and Install My Plug and Play Printer. Then Click Next. After that a wizard will automatically detect any attached printer and install the driver for it. If the system doesnt find the driver then it will be prompted to provide the drivers location. After successfully installing the printer driver, it will show new printer name in the Printer and Faxes in the control panel. Server Configurations: If the printer needs to be shared by a server computer, firstly we need to click the printer name>properties>sharing>share this printer. Then we need to provide name for the shared printer which will be used by client computer on the network. We can also set the colour management, priorities, printing preferences, font s in the properties tab of the printer. Client Computer Configuration: To setup printer at the client computer we can just give the command \computernameprintername (printer name is the shared name of the printer which we create while configuring server) 3.3 Illustrate how you configure user workstations on the network? (P9) [Steps of user configuration on Active directory] To configure user workstation on the network firstly we need to have one active directory domain, where we need to create a user account in that domain to use as an administrator account. Then after adding the user to the exact security group we can use that account to add computer to domain. To configure user on active directory following process should be completed. C:UsersjaikishanshresthaDesktopAdd new user in Exchange 2003.PNG Firstly click start and then point the cursor towards administrator Tool. Then Click Active Directory Users and Computers  to start the Active Directory Users and Computers console. After that we need to click the domain name that had been created, and then expand the contents. Where we need to right- click Users>New>User Type the first name, last name, and user logon name of the new user, and then click  Next. Where we get other wizard to type a password and confirm it by typing again and click the check box as required by user. Then click Next .After that just check the details and enter to Finish. Finally a new user will be created under the active directory. In case of adding a computer to the domain, following the steps Log on to the computer that needs to be added to the domain. Then right click on MY Computer>Properties>Computer Name Tab>Click change. In the computer Name change dialogue box, click Domain under member of and type the domain name. After that click OK.When you are prompted, type the user name and password of the account that you previously created, and then click  OK. Then a welcome message appears in a dialogue box where we need to click OK and restart. 4.1 Write a report on the rights and responsibilities of the network manager and the network user for Smith Solicitor (P10) [Discuss role of Network admin- user rights, sharing etc. and network user password, maintain file etc.] Network administrator need to setup and configure all the devices, hardware, software, connection between the computers. They should be able to add the user and delete the user as the requirement of the company or manage the password and access control as the requirement and ensure that there is a proper security in the network to protect it from hackers and viruses. They are deeply involved in making sure that the software are updated and applications, and monitoring the performance of the network, checking for security breaches, poor data management practices and more. So scheduled check up should be done. Administrator should be able to manage user account such as file access privileges and passwords. Administrator should also train user to utilize the networks resources and also train users to work under the server network environment. Administrators keep records of all users problems and errors as well as the steps taken to solve the problems. This information is used to help solve future problems. Administrators also control user access to the network. The administrator must also create a firewall-a set of security measures designed to make sure that no one can gain unauthorized access to the system. Administrator should use Active directory for centralized management and manage user environment. Admin should respond to the needs and question of clients concerning their access to resources and create backup in different ways to recover any lost data. They are responsible to manage, assign and maintain the list of network addresses. 4.2 Apply control mechanisms in a Smith Solicitor network for managing users. (P11) [Discuss group policy, user authentication, authorization etc.] Control in a smith solicitor network for managing users can be done by using centralized management system in active directory. Active Directory enables the administrator to centrally manage resources and to easily find the information location. It also enables to group the users according to the users limitation because user group policy helps to makes different policy for the user by the administrator. Active directory user authorization secures resources from the unauthorized user and unauthorized access. Managing Authorization and Access Control Published: November 03, 2005 The Microsoft Windows XP Professional operating system includes a number of features that you can use to protect selected files, applications, and other resources from unauthorized use. These features, which include access control lists, security groups, and Group Policy, along with the tools that allow you to configure and manage these features, provide a powerful yet flexible access control infrastructure for your local resources and network. Understanding what these features are, why they are necessary, and how they function will help you to manage rights and permissions on network and local resources more effectively. Security principal In Windows XP Professional, any entity that can be authenticated. A user, group, computer, or service can be a security principal. Security principals have accounts. Local accounts are managed by the Local Security Accounts Manager (SAM) on the computer. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows 2000 or Windows Serverà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ 2003 domain, it is managed by Active Directory. If the account is in a Microsoft Windows NT version 4.0 domain, it is managed by a SAM database on the primary domain controller. Inheritance A mechanism for propagating access control information down through a tree of objects. In Microsoft Windows NT, an object (such as a file) inherits access control information from its parent object (such as a folder) only when the object is first created. In Windows XP Professional, objects inherit access control information not only when they are created, but also when the parent objects access control list changes. Owner The only security principal who has an inherent right to allow or deny permission to access an object. An objects owner can give another security principal permission to take ownership. By default, the built-in Administrators group on a computer is assigned a user right that allows this group to take ownership of all objects on the computer. Security groups Groups that can be used to organize users and domain objects, thus simplifying administration. Security groups allow you to assign the same security permissions to a large numbers of users, such as employees in a single department or in a single location, ensuring that security permissions are consistent across all members of a group. Security descriptor A data structure containing the security information associated with a securable object. A security descriptor identifies an objects owner by SID. If permissions are configured for the object, its security descriptor contains a discretionary access control list (DACL) with SIDs for the users and groups that are allowed or denied access. If auditing is configured for the object, its security descriptor also contains a system access control list (SACL) that controls how the security subsystem audits attempts to access the object. Access control list (ACL) An ordered list of access control entries (ACEs) that define the permissions that apply to an object and its properties. Each ACE identifies a security principal and specifies a set of access rights allowed, denied, or audited for that security principal. Security settings Security configuration settings that can be applied to individual computers. These settings can be configured locally on the computer by using the Local Security Policy administration tool, the Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Security Configuration and Analysis snap-in, or, if the computer is a member of an Active Directory domain, through the Security Settings extension to Group Policy. Auditing of system events You can use the auditing feature to detect attempts to circumvent protections on resources or to create an audit trail of administrative actions on the system. For example, you can audit failed attempts to open a file. You can also set security policy so that failed logon attempts are recorded in the security event log. If another administrator changes the auditing policy so that failed logon attempts are no longer audited, the log can record this event as well. In an Active Directory environment, you can use Group Policy to centrally control who is allowed to manage security logs on computers joined to a domain. user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor. Rights and Permissions Access control involves the configuration of rights and permissions, which apply to both the objects on the local computer or network and the potential users (including individuals, computers, and services) of those objects. A  right  is authorization to perform an operation. From an administrators point of view, there are two types of rights: privileges and logon rights. In Windows XP Professional, only one user right is inherent-the right to allow or deny access to resources that you own. All other user rights must be granted, which means that they can also be withdrawn. A  permission  is authorization to perform an operation on a specific object, such as opening a file. Permissions are granted by owners. If you own an object, you can grant any user or security group permission to do whatever you are authorized to do with it. When permission to perform an operation is not explicitly granted, it is implicitly denied. For example, if Alice allows the Marketing group, and only the Marketing group, permission to read her file, users who are not members of the Marketing group are implicitly denied access. The operating system will not allow users who are not members of the Marketing group to read the file. Permissions can also be explicitly denied. For example, Alice might not want Bob to be able to read her file, even though he is a member of the Marketing group. She can exclude Bob by explicitly denying him permission to read the file. In fact, this is exactly how explicit denials are best used-to exclude a subset (such as Bob) from a larger group (such as Marketing) that has been given permission to do something. Each permission that an objects owner grants to a particular user or group is stored as part of an ACE in a DACL that is part of the objects security descriptor. User-Based Authorization Every application that a user starts runs in the security context of that user. When a user logs on, an access token is created. The access token contains key security-related information, including the users SID, the SIDs of the groups to which the user belongs, and other information about the users security context. This access token is then attached to every process that the user runs during that logon session. An application runs as a process with threads of execution. When an application performs an operation on a users behalf, one of the threads performs the operation. For example, when Alice opens a Word document, Microsoft Word, and not Alice, actually opens the file. More precisely, one of the threads of execution performs the operation. For a thread to gain access to an object such as a file, it must identify itself to the operating systems security subsystem. Threads and applications do not have a security identity, so they must borrow one from a security principal, such as Alice. When Alice starts an application, it runs as a process within her logon session. When one of the applications threads needs to open a file, the thread identifies itself as Alices agent by presenting her access token. Alice is therefore ultimately responsible for anything that the thread does to the file or system on her behalf. Before allowing the thread of execution to proceed, the operating system performs an access check to determine whether the security principal associated with the thread has the degree of access that the thread has requested. This access check involves the following steps: The security subsystem checks the file objects DACL, looking for ACEs that apply to the user and group SIDs referenced in the threads access token. If a DACL does not exist, access is granted. Otherwise, the security subsystem steps through the DACL until it finds any ACEs that either allow or deny access to the user or one of the users groups. If a deny is found at the user or group level, the access is denied. If the security subsystem comes to the end of the DACL and the threads desired access is still not explicitly allowed or denied, the security subsystem denies access to the object. Therefore, if a DACL exists but is empty, access is by definition denied. At the conclusion of this process, access is either allowed and the file is opened or access is denied, in which case the file remains closed and an Access Denied message is generated. Creating and deleting user accounts and defining and using security groups are important security tasks. Defining the security restrictions or permissions that might apply to different groups of users and resources in your network will help to simplify the implementation and management of the permissions and restrictions in your organization. For example, you can create a Printer Operators group and give it precisely delineated administrative control over a finite group of printers. For you to effectively manage security groups in your organization, you need to be familiar with the relationship between accounts, security groups, and built-in security principals. It is also important for you to become familiar with the techniques and tools available for managing group membership. Built-in security principals apply to any account that is using the computer in a specified way. Built-in security principals allow you to configure security based on the manner in which a resource is being accessed n increasing number of Windows XP Professional-based systems are connected directly to the Internet and participate in home or small business networks rather than in domains. To simplify the sharing and security model used in these nondomain environments, network logons performed against unjoined Windows XP Professional-based computers are automatically mapped to the Guest account by default. This simplifies the sharing of resources in home or small business networks by eliminating the need to synchronize user names and passwords across all computers in the network. Authenticating users logging on to the network as Guest can provide an additional measure of security for computers connected to the Internet by eliminating the ability to access the computer remotely by using administrative credentials. Forcing network logons to authenticate as Guest does not affect the following: Interactive logons. In addition to console logons, this also includes remote access sessions using Terminal Services or Telnet, which are essentially remote occurrences of interactive logon sessions. Computers that are joined to a domain. This is not the default for Windows XP Professional-based computers that are joined to a domain because the domain provides single sign-on capabilities for all computers that are in the domain. Outbound connections. The authentication and access control settings of the computer that you are attempting to access govern outbound connections. 4.3 Discuss how you control printer queues and other forms of resource usage in the Smith Solicitor network. (P12) Controlling in printer queues in smith solicitor can be done by changing the printer job setting by setting a priority and to notify the person when the print is done. As well as pause, cancel or resume can be done. To manage print queue firstly, we need to go to st

The Confusion Behind Computer Advertisements :: Media

The Confusion Behind Computer Advertisements Advertising is the key ingredient to a company’s success, so it’s pretty common for a company to go to extreme levels to sell their products. â€Å"There are six basic consumer behavior decisions when it comes to creating a desire for a brand name or product. 1. Problem Recognition: The consumer decides that he or she needs something. 2. Search: The consumer gathers information about ways to satisfy this need. 3. Evaluation of Alternatives: He or she weighs the plusses and minuses of the alternatives. 4. Decision: The consumer decides what to buy. 5. Purchase: He or she buys it. 6. Post purchase Evaluation: The consumer decides whether he or she bought the right thing. In realty, human beings are resourceful enough to find what they need without ads† (Kaufman, 2004). However, ads do as much damage as it does good. Pushing more and more ads down consumers’ throat is not going to necessarily make them want to buy that product; Internet pop-up ads are a prime example. The abundance of ads is not the only problem. Many ads can be misleading in what they are really trying to sell you; Dell is a good example of misleading ads. Travis a dell computer customer writes in an Internet complaint, â€Å"we ordered a dimension 8200 series but we were late in receiving the camera kit. When we did receive the camera kit it wasn’t the right one for that computer, but Dell still wouldn’t take it back because it was already past the 30-day warranty† (Travis of Kalispell, MT, 2004). Best Buy is also guilty of using misleading advertisement, which leads to even more serious accusations. Katherine of Hartsdale (2004), NY wri tes, â€Å"for Christmas my mom bought me a Playstation 2 and several games. One of the games wouldn’t work so I tried taking it back to Best Buy.

Plastic People :: Media Movies Pleasantville Essays

Plastic People Disney is famous for bringing fantasy to life. The Disney theme parks are among the most visited in the world. So shouldn’t it make sense that people would want to live in a similar idealistic sort of atmosphere? It just may be possible in the town of Celebration. Then again it may be just like living in a tourist attraction. Russ Rymer expresses his personal disapproval of manufactured communities in his essay, Back to the Future: Disney Reinvents the Company Town. The movie â€Å"Pleasantville† exemplifies Rymer’s premonition of the results of such controlled communities. Both sources make it evident that with out foundation, culture or variety, a community is far from perfect. One of the first problems with the town is that it was built with out a foundation. The whole town was built at once. There have never been any causes to fight for, or differences to solve. With out these essentials, the town has no character. Going through such hard ships only make an individual stronger. The same thing can be said for a community. Never having to face loss of security can make people arrogant and unaware of what they should appreciate. The only symbol that represents the town is a picture of a girl on a bike with a dog behind her. This symbol along with the name of the town is generic. One of the most important aspects of a town is the character that defines it. Part of what gives something character is history. A town with no history has no definition. Fake towns share this quality. Cities and towns on TV or in the movies often have no personality. In the movie â€Å"Pleasantville† this concept is created artistically. The movie is about a town on an old black and white television show. This town has no personality at all. In fact it doesn’t even have color. Everyone appears, acts and thinks the same way. No one dares to think outside the box. There are no worries except for perhaps the occasional cat up a tree. There exists no crime, no disappointments, no sickness, and no weight gain. There is one major department store, one diner, one television shop etc., etc. There is no variety or creativity. There are no individuals. As result of no foundation, a community will automatically lack a second important element.

Exploring Autism in the Movie, Rain Man Essay -- Rain Man Movie Film A

Exploring Autism in the Movie, Rain Man Autism is considered a unique disorder that affects 1 in 500 people. Autism impairs three main areas of human development: speech, communication, and social interaction. The trademark feature of autism is impaired social interaction. All impairments can range from mild to severe. Individuals with autism may lack speech altogether or only learn basic language specific to their needs. In the area of social interaction, the individual is often withdrawn from others. They lack the ability to comprehend facial expressions and the actions of others are confusing. Many individuals with autism lack interest in social interaction. There is a lack of imagination and a preference to engage in routines. Individuals usually find security in the routines, and become very dependent on them. What causes autism? No one is sure what causes autism research seems to suggest that it is caused by both genetic and environmental factors. There are no medical tests for diagnosing autism. A diagnosis is based on an observation of the individual's communication, behavior, and developmental levels. There is also no cure for autism. Evidence does show that early intervention has a positive outcome for young children with autism. Many adaptations can be made to a classroom to ensure the least restrictive environment for and autistic child. A few of those adaptations would be: daily routines encouraged social interactions, and alone time. If you are interested in autism, the movie Rain Man is very informative. Rain Man will provide you with an insight into the life of a man with autism. Rain Man portrays the life o... ... leaving caused problems in the relationship between Charlie and his father. Charlie's father carried around this guilt for not being able to care for his son and Charlie was never able to understand him because of this secret. There were quite a few adaptations made for Raymond. Raymond refused to take an airplane so Charlie had to drive across country. There were also certain parts of Raymond's daily routine that he could not manage without. To accommodate Raymond, Charlie bought him a portable T.V. and stopped each night so that Raymond could be in bed by eleven. There were other adaptations made, Raymond's bed had to be placed in front of a window and he would not travel when it was raining. Making the adaptations for Raymond is what helped Charlie to better understand and come to love his brother and his autism.

Poverty in Canada or USA

During the period between 1929 and 1953, the United States occupational pay ratios and earning inequality is declined, mainly across World War II (Ober 1948, Phelps Brown 1977, Williamson and Lindert 1980, Goldin and Margo 1922b). The evidence showed that the condition of income inequality was occurrence in that period. Moreover, the problem of income inequality is declined. But, the problem of income inequality is existed. The government cannot spread the income distibution evenly. Many reasons obstructed the income distribution evenly. In my discussion, I concentrate to explain five reasons to influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. Changing in social norms is related to the income distributions. Many people think that women represented a cheaper alternative for employers. Their jobs were viewed as temporary to be abandoned in favor of marriage and a home. High turnover combined with a large pool of replacements in any occupation will tend to depress wages, but it also means there is no incentive to provide career opportunities or invest much effort to train persons for more responsibility. Consequently, women tended to fill the more specialized and lower-paying work, while men moved into the new office manager roles. The fact is that clerical, service, and sales work does not yield significant financial returns to people with more formal education or longer work experience (Bibb & Form, 1977). In large part, this is because most of these are low ceiling careers, lacking in meaningful promotion opportunities for higher paying positions. The jobs have been filled advantageous position by one sex or the other. The point is strongly influencing the income distributions. The point of the unionization is related to the income distributions. Unions have improved wages and benefits, increased job security, and protected workers from discriminatory managerial decisions. Male workers are more likely to be members of trade unions, thus enjoying the advantages of collective bargaining for wages and earning more than women (Flaherty & Caniglia, 1992). Overall, women are about half as likely to be union members as men. Rinehart wrote, ? Â § This accommodation to capitalist power was formalized in what is known as the post ? V World War II compromise forged in the midst of the intense class struggles of the 1940s. This settlement between labor, big capital, and the state featured the establishment of a new industrial relations system and stipulated a set of trade ? V off. Unions were legally recognized and accorded organizational security.? (P. 184) Changing in the education level of the population is related to the income distribution. In the U. S, the financial return to a university or college degree also declined during the 1970s. One explanation of this phenomenon was the substantial increase the proportion of the population going to university, particularly the entry into the labor force of the ? Baby-Boom? generation during the 1970s (Welch 1979). Freeman (1976, 1980) argued that the demand for educated workers also declined, so that not all of the change in relative earnings could be attributed to temporary developments on the supply side. Dooley (1986) concluded that the entry of the large baby? Vboom cohort during this period did lower earnings growth for this group, but that this demographic effect could not account for the observed harrowing of earnings differentials by level of education. Dooley? s results thus suggest that demand ? V side forces may also have played a role. Changing in the age structure of the population is related to the income distribution. The shapes of the earning streams reflect the main key factors which is earnings increase with age but at a decreasing rate. This concave shape reflects the fact that individuals generally continue to make human capital investments in the form of on-the-job training and work experience once they have entered the labor force. This job experience adds more to their productivity and earning s early in their careers due to diminishing returns to experience. However, to the extent that education increases productivity, individuals with the same amount of work experience but more education will earn more, perhaps substantially more. Migration is related to the income distribution. Economic theory predicts that the forces of competition would serve to reduce pure regional wage differentials so that they reflect compensating differences, short-run adjustments, or noncompetitive factors. Those forces of competition were the movement of capital from high- to low-wage areas, and the movement of labor from low- to high-wage areas. Empirical evidence tends to verify the implications of migration as a human capital decision. In a recent study, Osberg, Gordon, and Lin (1994) explore the determinants of interregional and interindustry mobility of individuals in the Maritimes. Using the 1986-87 LMAS, they find that younger individuals and those with higher expected wage gains are more likely to migrate. As well, the process of migration tends to reduce the regional disparities that induce the migration decision. In conclusion, the five reasons are influence the income distribution in the United States in the 20th century. The social norms show that the income inequality is happened between men and women. The unionization shows that the unions have a power to improve the wages and benefits for their members. In this situation, the income inequality is happened between union? s members and non-unions members. Although the demand for education workers was declined, education people still earn more than the uneducated people do because they have an expertise knowledge and experience. Migration is benefits for the young individuals. They can have a chance to prove themselves. Therefore, the movement of migration decreases the regional disparities.

Building a greener future

In December 2006, the Department for Communities issued a audience paper titled Constructing a Greener Future: Towards Zero Carbon Development. It included proposals to fasten Part L of the current Building Regulations so that from 2016 new places would breathe zero C, with the ambitious proposal that all new non-dwelling edifices will breathe zero C by 2019. This was chiefly introduced in order to make the Governments marks to cut down emanations as a consequence from human actions. These marks have to be reached by 2050 as these marks are lawfully adhering under the Climate Change Act. â€Å" The UK ‘s 21 million homes are responsible for 27 % of CO2 emanations, consume half of H2O supplies and bring forth 8 % of waste † ( Communities and Local Government, 2008 ) With more than 200,000 houses planned to be built every twelvemonth to house a turning population, ‘sustainable places ‘ seem to be the lone reply. The complex energy salvaging engineering employed in such houses frequently claim to be able to execute against the Government ‘s marks, nevertheless sometimes they are unable to execute due to their complexness, invariably altering markets and compatibility with other engineerings. Established in 1975, the Stewart Milne Group is one of the UK ‘s largest independent home-builders which is renowned for its invention of lumber system engineerings. In response to the Government ‘s aspirations, the Stewart Milne Group designed the Sigma Home. It has been constructed as a three floor townhouse, arranged over four floors to understate the edifices footmark whilst still maximizing populating adjustment. It has an unfastened program layout which makes effectual usage of natural visible radiation and besides allows for the edifice to be flexible in offering assorted layouts from household place, house portion or even office infinite. The Sigma Home took merely 8 hebdomads ( compared to the normal 24 hebdomads ) to construct due to the usage of offsite engineerings including the closed lumber frame walls and the pre-fabricated bathroom cods. In order to keep the conformity for Level 5, the Sigma Home offers ternary glassy Windowss, low energy contraptions and micro renewable engineering. Water salvaging devices have been used throughout to accomplish the 80 liters of H2O use per individual per twenty-four hours required for Code 5. Fabric insularity at 0.15w/m2k provided by the wall, floor and roof elements with high public presentation lumber Windowss and an air tightness scope of 1-3m3/m2/h agencies that the building is â€Å" 10 times better than current Building Regulations demands † ( Stewart Milne Group, n.d. ) A solar chimney on the roof positioned above the stairway optimises the inactive airing by utilizing the stack consequence in the step instance enabling air to be drawn throughout the place for chilling. Lighting, hot H2O and infinite warming are provided by solar thermal, photovoltaic roof panels and roof mounted air current turbines. In December 2007, the Stewart Milne Group commissioned the Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development and Architecture ( OISDA ) to measure and supervise the Sigma Home whilst it was occupied by a household of four. They occupied the house for four two hebdomad periods, one in each season of the twelvemonth. The place was lived in every bit normal as possible with the household partaking in typical day-to-day activities. The residents experiences were recorded utilizing several research methods including ; pictures, interviews, log sheets and thermic comfort studies. OISDA monitored the temperature, humidness, indoor air quality, energy, gas and H2O ingestion and window/door gaps. This meant that a better apprehension of how residents respond to moo energy contraptions and complex energy salvaging engineering could be ascertained and used for future research and design. The energy public presentation of the Sigma Home is an betterment upon conventional houses, but failed to accomplish the predicted energy public presentation set out in the design phases of the undertaking. It was suggested that betterments need to be made in the air stringency and the cloth of the building through heat keeping in order to better on the energy public presentation. Thermal images were produced during the trial on the belongings whilst the household were populating at that place. These revealed that the â€Å" heat loss parametric quantity was approx 40 % worse than the predicted design phase appraisal † ( Stewart Milne Group, 2009. ) As the edifice is unfastened program it is hard to lock air into peculiar suites and with warm air lifting, heat would necessarily be lost through window and door adjustments and the roof. One solution would be to better the air tight seals around window and door adjustments every bit good as put ining an air membrane in the roof t o cut down heat loss. However, the belongings does maximize the usage of solar addition by using big countries of glazing, in peculiar on the land floor at the forepart of the edifice. But, by holding so much glass in the edifice struggles with involvements of privateness as one of the life countries is at the forepart of the belongings. The glass is ternary glazed ; it is improbable that solar addition would act upon the temperature within the edifice. This engineering means that unreal lighting is improbable to be used during daylight hours, nevertheless would merely be truly effectual if the belongings was south facing. The Sigma Home is east facing so would non have the maximal sum of daylight all twenty-four hours. When unreal lighting is required in the edifice, low energy visible radiation bulbs are used throughout. However, in some countries of the belongings these bulbs are non appropriate. They are by and large slow to react and in suites where there is small solar addition such as the bathroom, by the clip the bulbs have responded and are able to breathe sufficient visible radiation, the user has most likely turned the light off. Quite a high proportion of the electricity used in the Sigma Home is generated by micro renewable engineering. Wind turbines are located on the roof of the edifice and generates â€Å" small effectual electricity † ( Stewart Milne, 2009. ) This engineering is non suited to the low rise urban location of the Sigma Home where the edifice is shielded from the air current by environing edifices, therefore merely able to bring forth really small electricity. There used to be three wind turbines on the roof, but ironically strong air currents brought down one of the turbines and have damaged another. This raises a Health and Safety issue with this engineering particularly if this paradigm is to be rolled out on a larger undertaking. The tallness of the belongings besides suggests that the occupier of the belongings would be unable to keep and mend this engineering which would necessitate the expertness of specializer contractors. Photovoltaic panels have been installed on the roof and the south facing gable wall and norm at bring forthing 27kWh/m2/year over the twelvemonth. The photovoltaic ‘s are good in the manner that they generate a high per centum ( about 50 % ) of the electricity used within the edifice. However, the cost of put ining photovoltaic engineering and keeping it can frequently outweigh any benefit. Besides the panels public presentation are frequently dependent on the sum of sunshine they have entree to. Since installing of the panels on the south facing wall, the Barrett Green House has been built next to the Sigma Home. This severely reduces the sum of sunshine able to be absorbed by the photovoltaic ‘s and besides reduces the handiness to the panels for care excessively. Solar thermal panels are besides located on the roof. The energy from the panels preheats the H2O for warming and domestic usage. The solar thermic engineering is equal for its intent and is regarded as one of the most successful and cost effectual sustainable engineerings. However, the peculiar merchandise nowadays at the Sigma Home has been discontinued from the market which raises issues associated with future care and replacing. It seems that merchandises on the sustainable engineerings market are systematically altering and are likely to go out-of-date rapidly and newer and more efficient engineerings are adopted for other undertakings, go forthing earlier merchandises excess. Solar thermic engineering does hold its restrictions though. Often sufficient heat storage is non installed significance it is hard to synchronize the end product with the resident ‘s demands, which may include heating the edifice in summer to utilize the energy from the panels. Underfloor heating engineering has been adopted throughout the belongings. The heat is supplied from a low NOx gas boiler that is capable of providing up to 14kW, nevertheless the mean demand would merely be about 4kW. Underfloor heating tends to hold a clip slowdown in reacting to the resident ‘s coveted temperature and residents may invariably set the thermoregulator because of this and utilize more energy that is required. By utilizing this engineering excessively besides means that care and replacing would be debatable by holding to raise the flooring. Low H2O content radiators may hold been more preferred to heat the edifice alternatively of underfloor warming. Low H2O radiators require really small energy to heat the little sums of H2O within the radiator ; nevertheless, this would intend that lasting fitted radiators would cut down the flexibleness of the edifice. Rooms by and large retain their heat due to the cloth and stuffs of the edifice. By utilizing heavy panels and tiles on blockwork would retain heat which is a positive in some facets, nevertheless this temperature may non be comfy in sleeping rooms. Louvered and meshed airing panels in Windowss are frequently adopted to better the airing of the belongings twenty-four hours or dark whilst keeping security. These engineerings are non adopted in the Sigma Home, nevertheless the interior decorators have envisaged airing by building a balcony for the maestro sleeping room on the 3rd floor which would supply some shading. By opening the balcony doors in the maestro sleeping room, internal heat additions. The placement of the doors is effectual in the maestro sleeping room as it means warm lifting air from the edifice can go forth via the balcony doors. The life room on the first floor has been designed to overhang the living/ dining country on the land floor which would supply shadowing on cheery yearss. Throughout the belongings there are LED room temperature panels which tell the occupier the room temperature and the demand ( if any ) to supply airing or warming. The lone hazard of overheating in the edifice aside from solar additions is from internal heat additions such as heat generated from family contraptions. The Sigma Home purposes at understating internal heat additions by utilizing low energy electrical goods and low energy lighting. By utilizing low energy contraptions and lighting, it lowers the demand to command overheating and to guarantee that the residents do non necessitate extra air conditioning which would utilize more energy. The Stewart Milne Group did experiment with the usage of stage alteration stuffs in the Sigma Home. Energain ( manufactured from Dupont ) uses wax that thaws at about 26 & A ; deg ; degree Celsiuss and Acts of the Apostless as a signifier of latent heat storage that absorbs heat from the edifice as it starts to overheat. As the temperature so lowers, Energain changes its belongings from a liquid to a solid once more and releases the stored heat back into the room. Unfortunately the wax is flammable so the merchandise needs to be protected by gypsum board which raises inquiries of its effectivity and its ability to be used in sustainable places if the Sigma Home is a paradigm to be rolled out on larger undertakings. If the edifice does overheat, a solar stack has been installed at the top of the edifice and its chief map is to let warm air to air out out. The stack sits above the stairwell and takes in warm air as it rises. A heat detector clears and closes a blowhole at the top of the stack to pull off the optimal temperature in the edifice. However, the stack can move as a funnel which channels external noise to air out down in the belongings. As the M25 and M1 are all close the noise can be rather annoying. The many Windowss located within the belongings besides reduces the hazard of overheating. It was established though, that merely 4 out of the 25 Windowss were used systematically whilst the edifice was being tested. This could so cut down the sum of Windowss required within the belongings which would be addressed in the design phases of farther physiques. A mechanical airing with heat recovery system has been installed in the Sigma Home which is required for Code 5 and 6 houses. Extractor s for the mechanical airing systems have been fitted in wet countries such as the bathroom. They extract warm, damp air to the heat recovery unit where the heat is transferred to warm the fresh entrance air, which is so supplied at low force per unit area to habitable suites through blowholes. The H2O use is good within the Code for Sustainable Homes bounds for Code 5 of 80 liters per individual per twenty-four hours. The edifice operates a gray H2O recycling unit which takes waste H2O from lights-outs and the showers and cleans and filters it for re-use in blushing the lavatory. The Ecoplay system is self monitoring and shops the Grey H2O for a upper limit of 24 hours before being removed from the system to guarantee hygiene criterions are maintained in the belongings. Some of the electrical contraptions have H2O use clippers on them, to guarantee the H2O use for Code 5 is besides maintained. The dish washer uses 10 liters of H2O per rhythm, the lavation machine uses 40 liters. One negative of utilizing H2O usage decrease engineering is that frequently occupants necessitate to utilize more H2O to carry through activities within the place such as blushing the lavatory. Depending on the burden of rinsing, more H2O may be required excessively. However, if the residents excee d utilizing 80 liters of H2O per individual per twenty-four hours, the Sigma Home would lose its Code 5 position. It is clear that belongingss such as the Sigma Home have a repute of utilizing complex and specialist engineering. Such engineerings should be explained to the residents before the handover to guarantee that the residents are cognizant of what the edifices engineering is capable of and how to understate energy usage. Simple but elaborate accounts and diagrams should be available in the edifice with an aftercare hotline, to guarantee residents are capable of utilizing the engineering. After having feedback from the probe, Stewart Milne ( 2009 ) have now developed the KISS attack â€Å" Keep It Simple Stupid † and besides believe that place care understandings could be compulsory in the hereafter, which would enable residents to go familiar with the engineering. Using the Sigma Home research undertaking to inform the following phase of research and development, Stewart Milne Group has now embarked on making the Sigma II Build System. This is designed to larn from the yesteryear of the Sigma Home and to foster the demand for low energy places, low C places whilst supplying a solution that is easy to construct, maintain and usage by residents. BRE ( 2009 ) believes that â€Å" accomplishing a low energy usage society will depend on consumers themselves altering the manner they use their places to do a positive impact on cut downing their energy ingestion. † Code for sustainable placesDecisionMentionsCommunities and Local GovernmentStewart Milne Group ( n.d ) Advancing Tomorrows HomeStewart Milne 2009 the hereafter of low energy, C impersonal places.BREThe experimental household commented that there was a deficiency of drying installations within the belongings which would so increase energy use by utilizing a tumble drier. Their recommendations were to optimize the infinite at the top of the belongings. As the belongings is four floor high and heat rises, this would be suited, nevertheless transporting wet rinsing from the kitchen on the land floor to a room on the 4th floor is non practical. It would besides be reasonable to hold designed the sleeping rooms so that they would hold been on the land and first floors. This would intend that the sleeping rooms would be kept at a comfy temperature. This would intend the heat would lift to the upper floors and the contact with the land would besides better its imperturbability. However, this agreement of suites is non conventional as this would intend sleeping rooms would be following to the kitchen and as the belongings is tall it would be unacceptable for the kitchen to be farther up in the belongings.

Public participation Essay

The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the new millennium have seen the rapid growth of two undeniably related phenomena. They are the rise of international democracy and the explosion in the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs). â€Å"E-democracy† is the concept widely used and even sometimes misused. Crick (2002:93) defines democracy as the, â€Å"polity or political rule [that] strives to balance individual freedom, individual rights, and the common good. † In this paper I’m going to examine the impact of ICTs on the concept of democracy as presented by Crick. Conditions of modern democracy are the role of individuals, official doctrines, typical social structure, nature of the elite, typical institutions of government, type of economy, theories of property, attitudes to law, diffusion of information, and attitudes to politics. No doubt that ICTs have potential to expand democratic participation. Still the question whether ICTs facilitate and enhance democracy is surrounded by much controversy. Areas such as e-voting and e-consultation attract great attention of political scientists from over the globe. ICTs provide an excellent opportunity for governments to become more transparent, efficient and accountable. ICTs mean that people are provided greater services and opportunities online, and as a result become more informed, articulate and active in public affairs. Thus, ICTs have a significant potential to widen civic engagement. Much hype surrounds the newly created term â€Å"global civil society†. Norris (2001:6) poses an inevitable and burning question, â€Å"Will the Internet have the capacity to revitalize public participation in conventional politics, such as levels of party membership, electoral turnout, or activism in civic and voluntary organizations? † ICTs may create the possibility of reaching out to publicize political parties, solicit feedback, new ideas, and new members, energize party activists and build leadership cadres. Thus, ICTs may help to promote political pluralism and activism. Individualism becomes a core value in the ICT-driven society, and the role of an individual is the condition of modern democracy. Also we should keep in mind that e-commerce empowers previously economically disadvantaged strata, and type of economy is one of the conditions of modern democracy. Norris (2001:97) stresses the following fact, â€Å"The Internet may broaden involvement in public life by eroding some of the barriers to political participation and civic engagement, especially for many groups currently marginalized from mainstream politics. † So ICTs provide a perfect opportunity to increase youth participation, enhance women on the political arena, and include marginalized and disadvantaged groups. As Crick (2002:98) argues, â€Å"Participation is critical, for moral education and for the implementation of democratic government. † Still, Leslie David Simon (2002:36) argues that, â€Å"Participation fortifies democracies, but it is also a favourite tool of many totalitarian states. † But Norris (2001:101) states that, â€Å"the new opportunities for civic engagement and political participation on the Internet will serve primarily to benefit those elites with the resources and motivation to take advantage of [them]. † The nature of the elite is the essential condition of modern democracy, and today we can speak of â€Å"information elite† as well as of â€Å"information society. † Transparency of the government, both federal and local, is another possible consequence of democracy. Crick (2002:103) states that, â€Å"Democracies work better (can only work) in an atmosphere of trust. † Norris (2001:107) states that, â€Å"new technologies allow greater transparency in the policy-making process, wider public participation in decision making, and new opportunities for interaction and mobilization in election campaigns, but, critics argue, whether these potentialities are realized. † Attention to the protection of human rights through the use of new communication technologies is an area of growing interest. On the other hand, the implementation of more â€Å"technological democracy† will exacerbate the existing digital divide present within and between developed and developing countries. The explosive growth of the Internet is exacerbating existing inequalities between the information rich and poor. Also, as Norris argues, a so-called democratic divide is developing between the citizens who do and do not use ICT’s to engage, mobilize and participate in public life. Instead of promoting democracy, ICTs could be manipulated by political parties as tools of propaganda. With no Internet censorship it is becoming a widespread political phenomenon. Crick (2002:21) defines anarchy as â€Å"a central danger of democracy†, and cyber-pessimist perceive Internet as a totally anarchical environment. Leslie David Simon (2002:Front Matter) reminds the reader that, â€Å"Today we know that there is another side to the story. Those who hate democratic values and human rights have also learned to use the Internet. In the United States and abroad, neo-Nazis and other hate groups maintain Web-sites†¦ † Also e-democracy should be seen as enhancing, not replacing traditional forms of government-citizen interaction. Norris (2001:104) reminds us that ICTs should be used, â€Å"to promote and strengthen the core representative institutions connecting citizens and the state. In this regard, opportunities for public participation and civic engagement generated via new technology are important. † Analysing all the abovementioned, I came to the conclusion that the views expressed by cyber-optimist are more realistic. Personally I believe that ICTs are able and will promote democracy and strengthen the rule of law, and attitude to law is one of the important conditions of modern democracy. ICT’s bring more opportunity and freedom, and these two factors will gradually cause wider adoption and improvement of democratic governance. Certainly, I admit the existence of numerous dangers related to the spread of ICTs, but I believe that the growing political consciousness will prevent further misuse of this powerful tool. Open and transparent government as well as availability and circulation of information can guarantee democracy and participation, and diffusion of information is one of the crucial conditions of modern democracy. Making a final conclusion I would life to state once more that the rational use of the whole potential of ICTs can facilitate democracies worldwide. Sources: 1. Leslie David Simon, Javier Corrales, Donald R. Wolfensberger, Democracy and the Internet: Allies or Adversaries?, Woodrow Wilson Centre Press, 2002 2. Pippa Norris, Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide, Cambridge University Press, 2001 3. Bernard Crick, Democracy: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, 2002